AEM30300
High-efficiency AC MPPT buck-boost battery charger
e-peas’ AEM30300 is a high-efficiency energy harvesting battery charger that maximizes power extraction from intermittent sources, DC sources, and AC sources with adapted rectifiers thanks to a buck-boost converter. It supports high-efficiency conversion and allows for MPPT ratio and timing configuration ensuring adaptability to various harvesters.
With ultra-low power cold start, the AEM30300 can efficiently operate from minimal available energy. Its configurable storage element protection levels ensure compatibility with various storage element types.
Additionally, its balancing circuit allows for safely charging a dual-cell supercapacitor, while its shipping mode prevents energy drain during transport making it an ideal solution for long-term deployments.
Product Information
Products
Power converter
- Harvester: Reconfigurable Boost / Buck-Boost / Buck Converter
Harvester input
- Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
- 100 mV to 4.5 V
- Open Circuit Voltage: Max. 5.0 V
- Cold Start: Min. 3 µW / 275 mV
Storage element
- 0 V to 4.65 V
- Configurable Protection Levels
- Shipping Mode
- Dual-Cell Supercapacitor Balancing
- Battery Charger: Zero Idle Current when No Energy Available on Harvester
Extra features
- Source Constant Impedance Matching (ZMPPT)
- Source to Storage Element Feed-Through Capability
Package
- QFN28 4x4mm
Features and benefits
- Harvest from 100 mV after cold start
- Optimized for a wide range of applications
- Automatically switches between boost, buck-boost and buck operations based on the input and output voltages
- Configurable MPPT ratio and timings for compatibility with intermittent sources, DC sources, RF and AC sources with adapted rectifiers
- Source constant impedance matching (ZMPPT)
- Cold start from 3 µW / 275 mV
- Configurable overdischarge, charge ready and overcharge protections to support a wide range of rechargeable storage element types
- Balancing circuit to safely charge a dual-cell supercapacitor
- Stored energy is preserved when no source available
- Storage element charge and discharge disabling during shipment
- Option to create a direct feed-through current path from the source to the storage element
- Reduced external component requirements
Block Diagram
Evaluation boards
The AEM30300 Evaluation Board (76 mm x 49 mm) offers a complete solution for testing the features and performances of the AEM30300 energy harvesting PMIC in QFN-28 package. It includes the necessary passive components for optimal operation and a set of jumpers for easy configuration.
Designed for flexibility, the board allows full configuration and provides:
- Energy harvester input, with its configuration settings.
- Two Rectifiers, for low and medium frequency AC sources.
- Connection for the storage element, with configurable protection levels, custom mode and balancing feature configuration.
- Mode configuration.
- Status signals pin access.
For detailed setup and advanced features, refer to the AEM30300 datasheet and EVK documentation.
Quick start guide
User guide
How it works
Support
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WHICH AEM (PMIC) – POWER MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT – DO I NEED FOR MY APPLICATION?
All our AEMs (PMICs) share the same purpose: manage the power from an harvester to a storage and/or a load.
However, their coldstart, MPPT ratio and timing might be different to be adapted to the source they should harvest from. For more details, please see “What is the MPPT ratio?” question.
To choose wisely your PMIC, please keep in mind it must be adapted to your harvester and its behavior.
Explore e-peas’ PMIC Selector Guide for more detailed comparison of PMICs.
HOW TO ANALYZE THE POWER BUDGET OF AN ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM?
When working with energy harvesting, the most important step is the power budget analysis.
Indeed, to build a viable system, enought power must be harvested to supply the target application.
Here below, we propose to study the power budget for choicing the adequate elements.
This study is composed of steps to define the parameters useful in the storage and source choice.
Those steps have no real order; and different ways for using them exist.
- On ways is starting from the load consumption to define the source and the storage element size.
- Another way is starting from the source to estimate the available left power for the load and the storage element size.
Please note that below, TS represents the time with available power at the source; and TNS represents the time without power available at the source.
If starting from load consumption :
- STEP EC : Evaluate the energy consumed EC by the load during a repeatable period (a day, a week, a month, …). This period must be chosen to include all TS and TNS time. For example, one day is a typical period for outdoor solar application since light is coming back every day. A week could be adapted for indoor application without light during the week-end.
The formula below includes 2 different active current peak [A1 and A2] and passive current [P]. Units below are A for current, V for voltage and s for the time.
EC = (IA1 x VA1 x TA1 + IA2 x VA2 x TA2 ) + ( IP x VP x TP ) [ J ]
Active consumption is mostly due to radio communication or processing. Passive consumption is the sleep power or any constant consumption required by the load.
- STEP E BOOST : Calculate the energy to be harvested EBOOST in order to supply the load.
The formula below includes converter used between the storage and the load. If using internal LDO converters, their efficiency is provided in the AEM datasheet. For external converter, the efficiency should be given in its datasheet.
Please note that the internal leakage of the storage should be taken into account.
E BOOST = EC / n LDO (or n DCDC) + E leak [ J ]
- STEP E STORE : Calculate the required energy E STORE to be stored. Based on the autonomy and the load consumption, size of the storage must be define.
The formula below implies an autonomy egals to TNS – time with no power available at the source.
E STORE = ( TNS / TNS + TS ) x E BOOST [ J ]
For longer/smaller autonomy, the ratio R must be adapted in order to store the energy consumed during the autonomy defined.
E STORE = R x E BOOST [ J ]
If the autonomy required is 2 days, the ratio R is defined as 2*864000 / (TNS+TS) = 2 days / 1 day = 2
-> See FAQ about storage size : How to estimate the storage element size ?
- STEP P SRC : estimate the P SRC source power required to supply the load. Based on the time with available power at the source, the efficiency on the boost; the required power from the source is calculated.
Please note that, if longer autonomy is required, the additional energy to be stored must be harvested first.
Here below, we will define E BOOST* as the energy to boost for the autonomy required which is egal to E BOOST + E BOOST additional.
This E BOOST additional is defined as E BOOST * Z with Z = add time / (TNS+TS).
If the additional time is one day, E BOOST* = 2 x E BOOST.
P SRC = E BOOST / (TS x n Boost ) [ W ]
For RF system, the efficiency over the RF path must be include in that step to estimate the power to be received.
P RECEIVED = E BOOST / (TS x n RF global)
This n RF global efficiency is provided in the AEM30940 datasheet for the e-peas solution. For custom design (external rectifier with associated matching network), this efficiency must be characterized.
If starting from source power :
In that case, the first is to estimate the available power at the source.
This information is given in the harvester’s datasheet for solar, thermal or vibration harvester.
For RF source, the losses in the air must be evaluated to estimate the received power P RECEIVED based on the emitted power.
P RECEIVED = P EMITTED – Losses air
- STEP E BOOST : Calculate the energy harvested EBOOST from the source.
E BOOST = P RECEIVED x TS x n RF global [ J ]
E BOOST = P SRC x TS x n Boost [ J ]
- STEP EC : Evaluate the available energy for the load based on the energy harvested.
EC = E BOOST x nLDO – Eleak [ J ]
The size of the battery is estimate based on E STORE = E BOOST.
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM INPUT POWER OF THE AEM?
The maximum input current of the AEM is 110 mA and the maximum input voltage is 5V.
P_max @ input voltage 5 V = 550mW
P_max @ input voltage 3 V = 330 mW
CAN I CHANGE THE LBOOST INDUCTOR?
Yes, but some caracteristics are important for the global perfomances.
Indeed, the AEM boost efficiency depends on the the inductor associated. The one recommanded in the datasheet are the ones showing the best performances. If LBOOST inductor has to be replaced, please choose the one with the lowest Rdc resistor and the highest peak saturation current.
The actual recommanded inductors present a Rdc resistor around 300 mOhm and a saturation current around 600 mA.
We can propose those inductors from Wurth Electronik : 744 040 321 00 and 744 383 361 00.
We also identify those ones but we did not test them :
https://product.tdk.com/info/en/catalog/datasheets/inductor_commercial_power_vls201612hbx-1_en.pdf
https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/taiyo-yuden/MDKK2020T100MM/587-4093-1-ND/5035253
http://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/SRN2009T.pdf
Details are provided page 12 in the datasheet.
WHAT IS THE MPPT RATIO?
For any harvester, the power curve goes first up, achieves his maximum power point and goes down with the voltage until reaching the open-circuit voltage – Voc. Looking at this power curve, we can see that a maximum power point exists at a certain voltage called Maximum Power Point Voltage – V MPP. This MPP Voltage is a certain percent of the open-circuit voltage – Voc. This ratio varies depending on the harvester : MPPT ratio = VMPP / Voc.
To resume, it defines the best voltage to work with in order to harvest the maximum power out of the harvester.
- For a PV cell, the ratio varies from 70% to 90% depending on the PV cell material.
- For a piezoelectric generator, the ratio depends on the power curve of the piezo including the rectifier.
- For a thermoelectric generator, the ratio is most of the time around 50%.
- For RF, using the integrated rectifier in the AEM30940, the optimal ratio is around 65%.
- For the RF, using an external rectifier with the AEM30940, the optimal ratio of our design is around 50%.
For any harvester, it might be interesting to draw its power curve in the targeted conditions.
Note that the P-V curve might vary under different luminosity for PV cell for example, but the ratio will remain the same.
The AEM10941 performs a Voc measure each 5 s during 81 ms to adapt the VMPP voltage to work at. The ratio is defined by the SELMPP0-1 pin-configuration (See page 12 in the datasheet).
The AEM20940 performs a Voc measure each 21 s during 330 ms to adapt the VMPP voltage to work at. The ratio is defined by the SELMPP0-1 pin-configuration (See page 12 in the datasheet).
The AEM30940 performs a Voc measure each 0.33 s during 5 ms to adapt the VMPP voltage to work at. The ratio is defined by the SELMPP0-1 pin-configuration (See page 12 in the datasheet).